爱达荷州立大学中国学生学者联谊会

Chinese Association of Idaho State University (CAISU)

There are natural ingredients that will work to  Cardio Clear 7 Review lower cholesterol, and the best natural products use a combination of them. For example there are ingredients extracted from the rind of lemons, oils from rice hulls, sterols derived from plant substances, lecethin which helps to dissolve cholesterol, and more. At some point in there life, virtually everyone will experience severe chest pain. This is because chest pain can have a number of causes including indigestion and something even as simple as a stressed or pulled muscle in the back. However; there are cases where severe chest pain can be a symptom of heart disease. Heart disease can strike at any time in a persons life and afflicts both men and women. At the present time over nine-million Americans are at immediate risk of heart disease and the vast majority of them don't even know it. However; in recent decades great strides have been made in understanding and detecting this silent killer but the first step that must be taken is to undergo a cardiology test and report.

One common type of heart disease is known as coronary artery disease or CAD, which is when the arteries surrounding and connecting to the heart become clogged or impeded. One of the most common tests for detecting and gaging the severity of this type pf coronary artery blockage is called Myocardial Perfusion Imaging. To perform this test, a benign fluid that contains a mildly radioactive substance is injected into the person receiving the test. Then a nuclear camera is used to obtain three dimensional images of the actual blood flow in the arteries in and around the heart. The camera can't detect the blood itself but it can see the mildly radioactive material that is in the blood, so the cardiologist is able to get an actual inside view of the arteries that my be obstructed. After the test is completed, a complete report is then written up detailing the results of the test. With this report a physician can then determine and prescribe a course of treatment that can include medication and exercise or surgery. Without the test, and subsequent report however, arterial blockage of the coronary arteries can be and often is fatal.

Testosterone is predominantly produced by the testes in men. Small quantities are produced by the ovaries in women. The adrenal glands also produce small amounts in both sexes. Testosterone plays a key role in sexual functioning. Besides helping in the production of sperms, this steroid hormone also enhances libido, increases energy, helps produce red blood cells and protects against osteoporosis. Testosterone is an androgen and an anabolic steroid. The blood levels of testosterone vary over a wide range. Testosterone levels gradually start declining during the third or early fourth decade of life at a constant rate. As a result, older men have significantly lower levels compared to their younger counterparts. Testosterone levels may also be low due to several diseases. The cutoff number is 250 ng/dL, levels below these are considered low.

Low testosterone levels have been associated with increased risk of development and death from cardiovascular disease. In a recent study by Laughlin and associates, men with low levels and in the lowest quartile were 40% more likely to die early, especially from cardiovascular diseases. These findings were unaffected by age, lipid levels and other risk factors. The study involved 794 men aged 50-91 years, who were monitored for 20 years. The study was published in 2008 in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. In 2007, results of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer in Norfolk Study were published in Circulation. In this study, Khaw and associates monitored 11,000 patients aged 40-79 for their testosterone levels and death. They found that the latter were inversely related - low testosterone levels correlated with a higher rate of death from cardiovascular disease, cancer and all other causes.

In another study, Shores and colleagues, found that low testosterone levels were associated with an increased risk for mortality in male veterans. The male population was over 40 years of age and did not have prostate cancer. The study was done in Seattle and published in the Archives of Internal Medicine in 2006. The exact mechanism by which low testosterone causes cardiovascular disease is not clear, but there are several postulated mechanisms . Patients with low testosterone levels tend to have more visceral obesity. Visceral obesity is responsible for the apple shaped body (as compared to the pear shaped body, in which the fat is predominantly deposited in the hips and buttocks). More commonly, this is called the 'pot belly' or 'beer belly'. The visceral fat is packed in between the internal organs in the peritoneal cavity (abdominal cavity). In contrast the subcutaneous fat is found under the skin and the intramuscular fat in the skeletal muscle. Visceral fat is more metabolically active and synthesizes more heart unhealthy fatty acids, triglycerides, and adipokines than nonvisceral fat. Low testosterone is also associated with the development of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. In a study published in 2007, men in the lowest levels of testosterone were four times more likely to develop diabetes when compared to men with the highest levels. This data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, was published by Selvin and group in Diabetes Care. Patients with low testosterone levels have higher levels of insulin and triglycerides, both detrimental to the cardiovascular system.

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